Early interspecific dynamics,dry matter production and nitrogen use in Kernza (Thinopyrum intermedium) – alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixed intercropping

ABSTRACT

The global interest in growing perennial grain crops such as intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) (Kernza) for production of food and feed is increasing. Intercropping Kernza with legumes may be a sustainable way of supplying nitrogen to soil and associated intercrop. We determined the competitive interactions between intercropped Kernza (K) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (A) under three inorganic nitrogen (N) rates N0, N1, N2 (0, 200, 400 kg ha^?1) and five species relative frequencies (SRF) (100%K:0%A, 75%K:25%A, 50%K:50%A, 25%K:75%A and 0% K:100%A) in mixed intercrops (MI) in a greenhouse pot experiment. After 11 weeks of growth. Kernza dry matter yield (DM) and N accumulated (NACC) were low, but alfalfa DM and NACC high at 0 kg N ha^?1. 200 and 400 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser application increased the competitive ability (CA) of Kernza and reduced the CA of alfalfa. SRF had large impacts on alfalfa DM, NACC and NFIX only at 0 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser, and insignificant impacts on Kernza at all N fertiliser levels, indicating that adjustment of SRF may not be an effective way to modulate the interspecific competition of Kernza. Further research on the other factors that influence the interspecific competition are warranted.     

灰霉菌侵染对番茄幼苗活性氧积累及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为进一步分析活性氧和抗氧化防御系统在番茄抗病信号调控机制中的作用,为提高产量和品质提供科学依据,以4叶1心的番茄幼苗为试验材料,比较番茄幼苗受灰霉菌侵染后叶片O_2~-·以及抗氧化酶、内源褪黑素等的变化。结果表明:番茄幼苗接种灰霉菌后,随着时间的延长,幼苗叶片上病斑斑点逐渐增多,灰霉菌含量显著增多,叶色逐渐变浅,植株表现明显的发病症状;灰霉病菌侵染后番茄体内O_2~-·活性爆发,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性下降,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性上升,褪黑素含量增加;上述变化都是番茄幼苗为了抵御灰霉菌的生物胁迫而发生的应激反应。综上,植物在遭受病原菌等生物胁迫时不能简单地推断SOD、CAT和POD等抗氧化酶活性一定升高,植物抵御病原菌侵染更多地依赖于抗性信号路径中信号物质的激活和积累。     

鹰嘴豆短肽的分步酶解法制备及其营养价值评价

以鹰嘴豆蛋白为原料,建立复合酶分步酶解法制备鹰嘴豆短肽的工艺。在鹰嘴豆蛋白碱性蛋白酶Alcalase水解的基础上,进一步采用中性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶Flavourzyme继续水解鹰嘴豆蛋白碱性蛋白酶Alcalase酶解物,并对各影响因素进行研究,建立短肽得率与各影响因素的回归模型,利用高效液相色谱法和氨基酸自动分析仪等测定鹰嘴豆短肽的相对分子质量、氨基酸组成、一般营养成分,评价鹰嘴豆短肽的营养价值。结果表明,中性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶Flavourzyme制备鹰嘴豆短肽的最佳工艺参数为:复合酶添加量5 678 U/g,pH 7.0,水解时间216 min,水解温度55℃,在此条件下,短肽得率为63.79%,与碱性蛋白酶Alcalase单独酶解相比明显提高,水解度为26.74%;大部分水解产物的相对分子质量低于1 000、脂肪含量低,蛋白质、必需氨基酸等含量丰富,与FAO/WHO推荐的成人需求量模式相比,其第一限制氨基酸是蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸,与学龄儿童需求量模式相比,其第一限制氨基酸是苏氨酸,氨基酸分分别高达138.18和103.25;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.73,接近FAO/WHO参考标准值0.6。该研究为进一步开发利用和工业化生产鹰嘴豆短肽奠定了基础。     

海南被子植物分布新资料(Ⅱ)

报道了海南岛被子植物5个新记录种。新记录种分别为三室黄麻(Corchorus trilocularis L.)、钻叶紫菀(Symphyotrichum subulatum(Michx.)G.L.Nesom)、光果姜(Zingiber nudicarpum D.Fang)、线纹香茶菜(Isodon lophanthoides(Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)H.Hara)、狭序泡花树(Meliosma paupera Hand.-Mazz.)。凭证标本保存于中国热带农业科学院植物标本室(ATCH)。     

新式墙面绿化在广州和深圳的应用研究

新式墙面绿化对日益缩减的城市绿化环境至关重要,通过实地调查广州和深圳30个新式墙面绿化场所,分析其种植形式、植物种类、植物配置与景观效果,总结出深圳和广州新式墙面绿化的植物应用现状和景观效果,并讨论其发展前景。     

抚育间伐对燕山北部山区山杨林物种多样性的影响

为了了解抚育间伐对燕山北部山区山杨林物种多样性的影响,对山杨林抚育间伐前后的物种多样性进行了调查和分析,结果表明:抚育后林地草本植物的物种多样性高于未抚育林地,抚育间伐林地草本植物的Patrick指数、Margarlef指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分别为35.0、6.13、0.89和2.76,未抚育样地分别为29.0、4.90、0.32和1.91;抚育林地灌木的Patrick指数、Margarlef指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分别为9.0、1.41、0.43和0.98,未抚育林地则分别为8.0、1.48、0.68和1.51,除Patrick指数外,抚育林地的其他多样性指数都低于未抚育林地;抚育间伐使乔木层优势种的优势更为明显。由此得出结论,抚育间伐对山杨林的物种多样性有明显影响,但草本、灌木与乔木对抚育间伐的响应有所不同。     

Lactation-related mammary gland pathologies—A neglected emergency in the bitch

Mastitis is a common reproductive disorder in bitches, reaching a prevalence of 0.71%. Mastitis has a wide range of forms, from asymptomatic to severe gangrenous mastitis that can lead to septic shock and death of the bitch and nurslings. However, most of the time it is overlooked, undiagnosed or mistreated. The present systematic review was performed to revise and summarize the existing knowledge related to this disorder, including diagnosis, treatment and prevention.     

Responses of subshrub sagebrush rangeland in North-Western China to changes in livestock numbers and rainfall over 10 years (2004–2013)

Seriphidium transiliense, or subshrub sagebrush, is one of the most important forage resources for livestock in many arid lands, but such resources have been threatened by overgrazing for a long time. A 2013 vegetation survey of an original sagebrush rangeland (2400?ha) in the Tianshan Mountains revealed that nearly half of the area once under sagebrush has been replaced by annual species. This is due to the continual and rapid increase in livestock numbers over the past 30?years. Three smaller sites with different grazing scenarios: no grazing (Site N), a decline (Site 1), and an increase (Site 2) in livestock numbers, were selected to monitor recent changes (from 2004 to 2013) in vegetation biomass and the degree of dominance by sagebrush. Supplanting happened at Site 2 but little occurred at Site 1. There were significant differences between Site 2 and Site 1 in standing biomass in Spring and Summer, but no significant differences in Summer between Site 1 and Site N. The supplanting of sagebrush marks the completion of a dynamic process – in which rainfall plays a crucial role – of damage to sagebrush from heavy grazing in drought years and its rehabilitation by light grazing in some good years. Plant biomass loss was greatest when the land was first subjected to heavy grazing. Sagebrush tends to exist as a sole-dominant species rather than a companion species in sagebrush communities. This suggests that sagebrush continued to survive in pockets where grazing pressure had declined.     

皖北石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响

通过研究皖北石灰岩山地生态系统的植被群落,分析不同植被恢复群落的组成、结构、多样性和生活型组成,进而阐明石灰岩山地生态系统植被恢复模式对群落结构特征以及植物物种多样性的影响。结果表明:研究区有54种植物,隶属26科54属。侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)+构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)人工混交林有植物种类16科26种,分别占总数的61.5%和48.1%。酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa)+牡荆(Vitex negundo var.cannabifolia)灌丛和荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)+牡荆草灌丛植物种类分别为32和33种,分别占调查总物种数的59.3%和61.1%。不同植被恢复群落生活型也有差异。侧柏+构树人工混交林群落高位芽植物占优势,而酸枣+牡荆灌丛和荩草+牡荆草灌丛则以地面芽植物所占比例较大。分析表明,多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均表现为侧柏+构树混交林>酸枣+牡荆灌丛>荩草+牡荆草灌丛,但物种丰富度表现为荩草+牡荆草灌丛>酸枣+牡荆灌丛>侧柏+构树混交林。Sörensen较高值出现在酸枣+牡荆灌丛与侧柏+构树混交林和荩草+牡荆草灌丛之间,侧柏+构树混交林与荩草+牡荆草灌丛Sörensen多样性值较低。研究结果表明,石灰岩山地独特的地貌特征和人工植被恢复对植物群落组成、多样性及其生活型组成产生重要影响。     

山西云顶山亚高山草甸优势种种间关系分析

为揭示山西云顶山亚高山草甸植物群落优势种的种间关系,本研究通过种间联结性和相关性测定,对其植物群落13个优势种78个种对的种间关系进行研究。结果表明:13个优势种间大部分种对的种间关联不显著,种间联结不紧密,说明山西云顶山亚高山草甸植物群落结构不很稳定,存在一定程度的生态退化风险;多数原生优势种在群落中占据主要位置,同时也出现少数非原生优势种优势明显,有逐渐取代典型原生优势种的逆行演替趋势,这是由于人类频繁的旅游扰动所致。因此,应当合理的控制旅游开发强度与游客数量,保持亚高山草甸生态系统的稳定与自我维持,以持续高效的维持云顶山亚高山草甸的经济及生态价值。